feat(deploy): production deployment setup and fixes
- Debian-based api image (bookworm-slim), docker/debian mirrors, prisma binaryTargets for openssl 3.0 - nginx: admin SPA under /admin, TLS via acme.sh (ZeroSSL) + auto-renewal cron, http->https redirect - prisma: add origin_goods.delisted migration, sync missing schema (good_image/tag_font_color/good_tags), fix users.createdAt Timestamptz - api: CORS wildcard reflection, helmet CORP cross-origin, price backfill in persistProductDetail, categoryIcon ancestor fallback, mediaByColor per-color gallery in public goods detail - admin: /admin base path (vite + router) - import-data.mjs: udt_name casting, serial sequence advance fix
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---
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title: Use UPSERT for Insert-or-Update Operations
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impact: MEDIUM
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impactDescription: Atomic operation, eliminates race conditions
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tags: upsert, on-conflict, insert, update
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---
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## Use UPSERT for Insert-or-Update Operations
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Using separate SELECT-then-INSERT/UPDATE creates race conditions. Use INSERT ... ON CONFLICT for atomic upserts.
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**Incorrect (check-then-insert race condition):**
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```sql
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-- Race condition: two requests check simultaneously
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select * from settings where user_id = 123 and key = 'theme';
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-- Both find nothing
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-- Both try to insert
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insert into settings (user_id, key, value) values (123, 'theme', 'dark');
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-- One succeeds, one fails with duplicate key error!
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```
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**Correct (atomic UPSERT):**
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```sql
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-- Single atomic operation
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insert into settings (user_id, key, value)
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values (123, 'theme', 'dark')
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on conflict (user_id, key)
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do update set value = excluded.value, updated_at = now();
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-- Returns the inserted/updated row
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insert into settings (user_id, key, value)
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values (123, 'theme', 'dark')
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on conflict (user_id, key)
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do update set value = excluded.value
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returning *;
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```
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Insert-or-ignore pattern:
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```sql
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-- Insert only if not exists (no update)
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insert into page_views (page_id, user_id)
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values (1, 123)
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on conflict (page_id, user_id) do nothing;
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```
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Reference: [INSERT ON CONFLICT](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-insert.html#SQL-ON-CONFLICT)
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